This note provides a one-page outline on Dyslexia, including its pathophysiology, presentation, investigations and management. It was created by Selina Chow, a medical student at the University of Toronto with the help of Dr. Rhea D'Costa, a Developmental Pediatrician from the University of Toronto.

Click on the image below for the full-screen PDF handout.

Related Content:

• Podcast: Specific Learning Disorders

​ References:

1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed.:American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.

2. Andrews D, Mahoney W. Children with school problems: A physician's manual. Second ed. Mississauga, Ontario: Canadian Pediatric Society; 2012.

3. International Dyslexia Association. Definition of Dyslexia. Available from: https://dyslexiaida.org/definition-of-dyslexia/.

4. Ontario Psychological Association. Ontario Psychological Association Guidelines for Diagnosis and Assessment of Children, Adolescents, and Adults with Learning Disabilities. 2018; Available from: http://www.ldao.ca/wp-content/uploads/OPA-Guidelines-for- Diagnosis-Assessment-of-Learning-Disabilities-Sept.-7-2018.pdf. 

5. Shaywitz SE, Shaywitz BA. Dyslexia (specific reading disability). Pediatrics in Review 2003;24(5):147-153.

6. Shaywitz S, Shaywitz J. Overcoming dyslexia. Second ed. New York: Vintage Books; 2020.